Elasticsearch vs Qdrant (vs Meilisearch): Which search solution actually fits your needs in 2025?

Elasticsearch vs Pinecone (vs Meilisearch): Which search solution actually fits your needs in 2025?

Algolia pricing guide: Is it worth the cost in October 2025?

Most CTOs assume that implementing search is a quick, done-in-a-sprint kind of task. Something their dev team can figure out in a week. 

But the truth couldn’t be more different. According to our survey, more than half (55%) of development teams require **three weeks or more** to roll out a search solution. 

And they are the lucky ones. For some, it can take **two or more months**. 

This begs the question: **why is something as vital as search still so hard to get right?**

We asked over 100 CTOs and technical CEOs to share what went wrong when implementing search and what they wish vendors would do differently. Their answer reveals common pitfalls and insights that can help you avoid the same costly mistakes. 

Let’s dive into what they shared and how it applies to your own search initiatives. 

## Key insights (TL;DR)

* 86% of respondents called search **‘very important’ and ‘critical’ to their product’s user experience** across industries like e-commerce, fintech, healthtech, edtech, etc. 
* 55% of development teams spent **three or more weeks** implementing search. 17% struggled for **two months or longer**. 
* The biggest blockers aren’t just bugs – they’re structural. The top three: **inflexible tools (61%), broken documentation (47%), and a lack of expertise (34%).**
* **Less than 1%** of respondents said integrating search was easy for them.
* During the implementation phase, the majority of teams turned to **vendor documentation (55%)** and **support and customer success teams (49%)** for help, while **20%** relied on AI assistants like **ChatGPT**.
* **Fast response time (71%), accurate results (51%)**, and the **ability to handle typos or fuzzy matching (50%)** are the top three features teams expect in their search experiences.

## Insight #1: Most teams spent weeks – or months – on search implementation

According to our survey, only 15% of teams implemented search in under a week, while **55% took more than three weeks** to do so. 

For 17% of development teams, the process stretched to **at least two months**, resulting in a significant amount of wasted time. 

![How long did it take to integrate the search functionality_.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/How_long_did_it_take_to_integrate_the_search_functionality_1d72bf913b.png)

These results reflect a consistent trend: integrating search has become a slow, resource-draining process for most teams. 

In the open-ended answer section of our survey, one respondent even said, “Plan for double the time to implement.” 

Users expect each search experience to be fast, accurate, and typo-tolerant by default. Giants like Google and Amazon have set high standards. Yet behind the scenes, devs are investing massive amounts of time just to get the basics working.

From our perspective at Meilisearch, that’s a costly baseline. 

## Insight #2: Search fails at the structural level, not just in the code

**Less than 1%** of respondents said that their search integration went smoothly.

When asked what slowed them down, they highlighted three most common issues: 

1. **Technical limitations (61%):** Inflexible infrastructure, clunky APIs, or the wrong tools often force teams to rethink and rebuild key systems. 
2. **Poor documentation (47%):** Missing or outdated documentation adds friction and guesswork into the process.
3. **Lack of expertise (34%):** Many teams don’t have the experience to successfully implement search, leading to false starts and much trial and error. 

![What were the biggest challenges your team faced during the search integration process.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/What_were_the_biggest_challenges_your_team_faced_during_the_search_integration_process_f458e8105f.png)

While bugs and integration hiccups can cause short-term delays, the real problem comes from **structural issues**. 

This means the architecture of the product wasn’t built with search in mind, the documentation is more of a hindrance than a help, and teams lack key skill sets to implement search properly. 

The result is search that ships late, costs more, and becomes harder to maintain with every iteration.

## Insight #3: When teams need help, the docs don’t always deliver

When search implementation gets tough – as it often does – what do teams do? They look for support. 

![What resources did you rely on for integrating search.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/What_resources_did_you_rely_on_for_integrating_search_75df6f93ba.png)

The **most common first stop is vendor documentation (55%)**, which ironically is the second biggest roadblock to implementing search, as noted in our previous insight. 

Often, documentation is incomplete, outdated, or simply hard to navigate. 

So, if the most relied-on source of guidance is also a leading pain point, it’s no wonder people get stuck for weeks. 

Respondents also relied on vendor support or customer success teams (49%), online tutorials (48%), and peers or communities (e.g., Discord) (45%).

Almost one in five developer teams (19%) turned to AI tools, such as ChatGPT or Copilot, for help – a clear sign that AI tools are becoming an integral part of the troubleshooting stack. 

Our survey findings show that **support is fragmented.** Developers chase answers across multiple sources, wasting time and energy as deadlines rapidly approach.

## Insight #4: What developers really want from their search tools

Aside from the challenges, our team also asked technical leaders what they wished their search tools had done better. 

Their answers focused on ways to save time, reduce confusion, and avoid frustration. 

![A graphic listing the most common responses from developers working on integrating a search functionality into their products.](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/What_developers_want_from_their_tools_489451aa44.png)

### Better, clearer documentation 

Teams want docs that go beyond the basics, with real-world examples and easy-to-follow setup steps to speed up integration. 


### Simpler, unified APIs

A common frustration is having to integrate multiple endpoints, so leaders are requesting unified APIs. 

“*Provide a single, well-documented API that can pull from multiple sources (documents, emails, chats, etc.) with consistent formatting,*” one respondent said.  


### Seamless integration tooling

Teams want builders that work with popular frameworks and data pipelines, without spending too many hours on setup. 

“*Make sure you find a platform that integrates well with other software development *[tools],” was a recurring sentiment among respondents. 


### Flexible customization and metadata control

Search isn’t a one-size-fits-all, so teams want more control over their ranking, filtering, and metadata display. 

One respondent said: “*Offering customizable filters and permission controls would help teams tailor search to their specific workflows.*” 

Respondents aren’t asking for the impossible. The idea is to make search implementation more straightforward, especially for teams working in fast-paced industries. 

That’s why, at Meilisearch, we continually update our documentation, prioritizing a unified and straightforward API that anyone can understand. 


## Survey methodology and limitations

Our survey was conducted in July 2025 using SurveyMonkey’s paid Audience panel. 

Respondents were decision-makers – CTOs, technical founders, or equivalent roles – at US-based software companies across all industries and company sizes. 

To qualify, respondents had to pass two screening questions: one to confirm their technical leadership role and another to verify their experience with implementing search functionality. 

This ensured we got answers from those with practical experience on the subject.

The survey included 11 questions in total (2 screening, 9 core), and we received 119 qualified responses. You can find complete data in [this spreadsheet](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Q1Z0brmX1AilNnbW5PCORSqUCCoAXGyN7TFZbLuSGvU/edit?gid=1781222527#gid=1781222527).

As with any data study, there are constraints. Responses may not fully represent large enterprises or heavily regulated industries, where search implementation challenges may differ.

Furthermore, the respondents were compensated by the SurveyMonkey platform for their participation, which may have introduced bias. 

Finally, our mix of multiple-choice and open-ended questions provided quantitative and qualitative data, but may not have captured every nuance of the implementation process. 


## Search doesn’t have to be hard

The data paints a clear picture: search is needlessly complicated. Most teams spend weeks – even months – just to set up the basics, bogged down with technical hurdles and unclear guidelines that don’t meet real-world needs. 

Technical leaders want vendors to go the extra mile, and that means offering simpler APIs, better documentation, and faster setup times. 

In short, they want tools that respect their time and scale with their needs. 



We asked 100+ CTOs how long it takes to implement search. You're not gonna like the answer

Algolia review: The enterprise giant meets the developer favorite – Meilisearch

Semantic search and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) are crucial for how today's AI systems handle information and find relevant answers to user queries. 

Think of it this way: semantic search is all about ranking information based on what it means, while RAG takes it further by actively retrieving knowledge to provide the answers users need. 

In this article, we're going to explore:

* What semantic search and RAG are and how they work.
* The contrast between their capabilities.
* The potential for overlap and collaboration, as well as whether or not they can work without each other.
* How to figure out when semantic search is enough, when RAG is essential, and when combining them gives you the best results.
* The pros, cons, and limitations that come with both so that you can evaluate them properly.

By the time you're done, you'll have a clear framework for choosing the best approach for your data and users. 

Ready? Let’s get into it.

## What is semantic search?

[Semantic search](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/semantic-search) is a technique that helps AI systems understand the intent behind user queries instead of relying on exact keyword matching. It uses embeddings, vector representations, and natural language processing (NLP) to map words by meaning. 

By doing this, semantic search retrieves the most relevant documents even if the query phrasing isn’t perfect. Unlike traditional information retrieval methods, semantic search ranks results based on context and relationships, and produces answers that genuinely make sense. 

Teams can also explore [choosing the best model for semantic search](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/choosing-the-best-model-for-semantic-search) to refine their search architecture.

## What is RAG (retrieval-augmented generation)?

[Retrieval-augmented generation](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/what-is-rag) (RAG) combines information retrieval and generative AI to create more factual and contextually relevant responses. It retrieves relevant documents from an external knowledge base or vector database using embeddings before passing them over to the large language model (LLM). 

From there, the LLM uses the retrieved context and ensures that the response accuracy is high and the hallucinations are nonexistent. 

In short, RAG augments the model’s knowledge with real data, making responses more trustworthy and domain-specific.

## How does semantic search work?

[Semantic search](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/semantic-search) goes beyond keyword matching by understanding the meaning and intent behind those keywords through contextual relationships.

![How Semantic Search Works.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/How_Semantic_Search_Works_77696c3be8.png)

* **Step 1:** Semantic search converts text into embeddings. Each query and document is transformed into dense [vector representations](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/what-are-vector-embeddings) that capture semantic meaning.
* **Step 2:** Then, it compares embeddings. The system measures cosine similarity or Euclidean distance between the user query and stored vectors to find the most relevant results.
* **Step 3:** Finally, a retriever ranks documents not just by word overlap but also by conceptual closeness, bringing up the absolute best matches.

This process helps users find relevant information even when they aren’t sure of the exact wording needed to get what they’re looking for.

## How does RAG work?

RAG connects advanced retrieval systems with LLMs to produce answers that the users are looking for. 

![A graphic showcasing how RAG works.](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/How_RAG_Works_b6a617b59f.png)

Let’s see how it works:

* **Step 1:** First, the data is embedded and indexed. Documents from various data sources are split into chunks, converted to vector embeddings, and stored in a vector database.
* **Step 2:** When a user query is submitted, the LLM first evaluates whether it can answer the query on its own. If it needs additional context to provide a satisfactory answer, this is where RAG comes into play.
* **Step 3:** The RAG retriever doesn’t search through the internal vector database. It can access external knowledge bases or even search the internet to find relevant documents.
* **Step 4:** Once RAG provides more context, the LLM uses both the query and the retrieved context to generate more relevant answers. 

As a result of this whole cycle, the answers you get are not only relevant but up-to-date as well.

## What is the difference between semantic search and RAG?

The main difference between semantic search and RAG is what they return. Semantic search only finds specific information, while RAG provides an explanation, enhancing the response to the user query. 

Semantic search works by matching user queries to document vector embeddings using similarity metrics such as cosine or Euclidean distance. It's super-efficient, fast, and great for providing direct answers closely related to the user query.

RAG, on the other hand, feeds retrieved context to a large language model to compose a more elaborate answer. This added step aims to reduce AI hallucinations and improve accuracy.

The table below highlights other key distinctions between the two:

![A table highlighting the key differences between semantic search and RAG.](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/Semantic_search_vs_RAG_828bd84d6d.png)

You can also explore different [RAG types](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/rag-types) to understand how architectures vary in retrieval and generation workflows.

## What problems does semantic search solve?

Keyword-based retrieval has always had limitations. Semantic search addresses this limitation by covering a broader domain than just literal keywords. 

Here’s what it solves:

* **Intent detection:** It interprets what the user means, not just what they type. 
* **Disambiguation:** Semantic search removes ambiguity and distinguishes between words with multiple meanings by analyzing their embeddings.
* **Better recall and precision:** It retrieves relevant documents even when queries use different phrasing. 
* **Multilingual and domain-specific results:** Diversity plays a huge role in getting the correct answer to the user. Semantic search adapts across knowledge bases and domain-specific datasets without manual rules.
* **Improved user experience:** Users love semantic search because it ranks relevant information intuitively, helping them find what they need faster.

By combining natural language processing (NLP) and vector embeddings, semantic search ensures users get the results they need.

## What problems does RAG solve?

RAG addresses the main challenges of retrieval and generation by grounding large language models in real data:

* **Hallucinations:** RAG retrieves relevant documents before generation, reducing the risk of made-up or unsupported answers.
* **Outdated knowledge:** It connects to external knowledge bases to keep responses accurate and up to date.
* **Context limitation:** It provides retrieved context beyond the LLM’s memory, thereby improving factual grounding.
* **Complex reasoning:** It enables the model to combine multiple information sources to produce multi-step answers.
* **Trust and explainability:** It cites its sources, ensuring responses are transparent and verifiable.

By combining semantic retrieval with generative models, RAG helps users get precise, context-aware answers rather than vague summaries, using techniques described in our [RAG techniques](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/rag-techniques) article.

## Can semantic search be used without RAG?

Yes, semantic search can work perfectly well without RAG in many real-world applications. It’s often used when retrieving relevant information is sufficient and generating new text isn’t necessary.

For instance, knowledge bases, search engines, and customer support chatbots rely on semantic search to quickly find the most relevant documents. It’s also used in question-answering systems, e-commerce search, and internal document retrieval, where users want direct access to existing content rather than a generated summary.

Because it operates only on vector embeddings and retrieval algorithms, it’s lightweight, scalable, and cost-efficient.

However, when users expect natural language answers or context synthesis across multiple documents, semantic search alone falls short. That’s when RAG becomes the logical next step.

## Can RAG work without semantic search?

Yes, it can, but it’s not ideal. RAG can technically operate using keyword retrieval or metadata filtering instead of semantic search, but the results are less precise. 

Without vector embeddings or semantic similarity, the retriever may fetch documents that match words but miss intent. And intent is the key in any retrieval.

Some teams use BM25 or hybrid search engines as the retrieval layer for smaller or domain-specific datasets where context is already well structured. This approach simplifies infrastructure and lowers cost, but limits recall accuracy and context coverage.

Skipping semantic search means the model depends more on the generator to interpret data. This is a risky tradeoff that can lead to hallucinations or shallow grounding. 

For most real-world RAG systems, semantic search is the foundation that makes retrieval meaningful before generation is even a thought.

## What are the pros of semantic search?

You already know the accuracy aspect of semantic search. Let’s look at some more pros:

1. **Understands user intent way better:** Semantic search interprets user queries based on meaning, so the retrieved results are better than in plain keyword matching.
2. **Deals with ambiguity like a pro:** Through NLP, it can distinguish between different meanings, such as ‘Apple,’ the company, versus ‘apple,’ the fruit.
3. **Enables scalability:** Semantic searchcan retrieve results quickly and accurately, even across large datasets.

Semantic search is the foundation for both modern search technologies and RAG systems.

## What are the pros of RAG?

RAG provides language models with a way to remain factual, grounded, and context-aware without retraining every time new data arrives. 

Let’s look at some pros of RAG: 

1. **Has access to real-time knowledge:** It retrieves relevant documents from external knowledge sources.
2. **Goodbye hallucinations:** By relying on answers from the retrieved context, RAG minimizes the introduction of made-up or outdated information.
3. **Adapts to various domains easily:** It easily plugs into domain-specific datasets, from medical records to legal documents, without the need to fine-tune the LLM.

Overall, RAG bridges semantic search and generative AI to help teams create applications that not only find data but explain it in natural language.

## What are the limitations of semantic search?

Let’s look at some semantic search limitations. 

1. **Complex queries might result in ambiguity:** Useful as it is, semantic search can falter when queries are too extensive.
2. **Costly if you want to handle massive datasets:** Creating and updating vector embeddings for large datasets demands increasing amounts of resources, which can be expensive.
3. **Potential for low-quality results:** If the stored data is sparse or of poor quality, you might get low-quality results.
4. **Generative reasoning is lacking:** It can’t produce detailed answers, which makes it less helpful in question-answering or chatbot use cases.

These limitations make semantic search excellent for discovery, but not enough when users expect complete, natural-language answers.

## What are the limitations of RAG?

RAG is renowned for its accuracy, but the cost of this accuracy is the added layers of complexity. 

Let’s explore some other limitations of RAG:

1. **Higher latency and cost:** Multiple API calls that enable RAG to be so effective come with hefty charges.
2. **Variable retrieval quality:** If relevant documents are missing or poorly embedded, the LLM will still hallucinate.
3. **Complex infrastructure:** With increasing overhead from vector databases, chunking, and retrieved context pipelines, the RAG system can become really complex.
4. **Difficult to evaluate:** You need continuous assessment of the RAG system to maintain retrieval quality and accuracy.

If you’re working in high-stakes domains that involve knowledge-based systems, RAG is perfect. But it might be a bit too much for simpler applications.

## How is semantic search evaluated for effectiveness?

Semantic search effectiveness is measured by how accurately it retrieves and ranks relevant documents for a given user query. After all, that’s what it is for.

The primary metrics include precision (how many retrieved results are relevant) and recall (how many relevant results were retrieved). 

![A graphic explaining precision and recall, two primary search evaluation metrics.](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/Precision_and_recall_9d1f66c31e.png)

Other factors, such as Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) and Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG) help assess ranking quality.

Teams also use user satisfaction surveys or click-through rates (CTRs) to measure success. These evaluations often compare how well embeddings, retrievers, and algorithms capture intent across datasets.

In short, good semantic search is about balancing accuracy, relevance, and scalability.

## How is RAG evaluated for effectiveness?

Evaluating a RAG system requires measuring not only retrieval accuracy but also how well generated answers remain grounded in the retrieved context.

The key metrics for this include factual accuracy, grounding score, and hallucination rate (the frequency with which the LLM adds unsupported information). Teams also track context precision and coverage to assess how the retrieved chunks influence the model’s response.

Other evaluation methods test retrieval quality, latency, and user trust over time. These insights help teams balance precision and performance across different data sources.

For a deeper look into evaluation frameworks, read our guide on [RAG evaluation](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/rag-evaluation), which breaks down real-world techniques for measuring grounded generation.

## What are the latest trends in semantic search and RAG?

There’s an upward trend in the popularity of both semantic search systems and RAG. Especially now, when AI and LLMs are a core part of almost every enterprise application. 

The two major trends you need to keep up with are:

1. **Integration between LLMs and retrieval systems:** Modern retrieval systems have developed the capability to integrate LLMs and deliver answers that are not only more accurate but also sound conversational and almost human.
2. **Hybrid approach to retrieval:** By combining keywords, vector embeddings, and reranking techniques, we can achieve significant improvements in precision and recall across both structured and unstructured data.

This set of trends, along with some others, contributes to improving RAG daily. In essence, they are all about making AI search engines more intelligent and user-friendly.

## Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The following FAQs should address any remaining confusion about semantic search and RAG.


### Is RAG the same as semantic search?

No. Semantic search ranks documents based on their meaning. RAG retrieves the documents first, and then uses this retrieved context to generate answers the users are looking for. 


### Why is semantic search important for AI?

Semantic search improves how AI understands user queries. It makes the AI interpret the intent behind the search instead of just taking the keywords at face value. Naturally, this brings a significant boost in accuracy and the user experience.


### Why is RAG used in generative AI?

Generative AI needs the right context to generate information. RAG helps LLMs combine retrieved information with the user query to generate the required answers. This significantly reduces AI hallucinations and lays the foundation for real-time AI agents or chatbots.


### What is the role of embeddings in semantic search?

Embeddings are the backbone of semantic search because they convert text into vector representations that capture meaning. They enable the retriever to find semantically related content even when users don’t use the exact keywords in their search. You can think of them as interconnected neural networks.


### What is the role of embeddings in RAG?

In RAG systems, embeddings serve as connectors. They connect the retriever and the generator. They help retrieve the most relevant documents that match a query’s meaning before passing them to the LLM to generate an informed answer.


### How does semantic search compare to vector search?

Semantic search uses advanced algorithms to understand the meaning of words and sentences. It's like a map where similar ideas are close together. This helps it find answers that make sense, even if the exact words aren't there, because it understands what you're trying to find, as detailed in this [semantic vs. vector search](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/semantic-vs-vector-search) article.

## Harnessing the power of precision

The main goal of most advancements today is to guide AI towards greater precision.

RAG and semantic search are both unique in their own ways, with distinct sets of pros and limitations. However, this does not stop them from being a force to be reckoned with when used together in a hybrid setting.

Semantic search vs. RAG: A side-by-side comparison

Algolia vs Typesense vs Meilisearch: Which search engine powers better developer experiences in 2025?

Algolia vs Elasticsearch (vs Meilisearch): Which search solution actually fits your needs in 2025?

You can have the fastest search engine in the world, but if it doesn’t show the right results, users won’t stick around.

That’s where search relevance comes in. It connects user intent to real outcomes, such as clicks, conversions, and continued engagement.

In this guide to search relevance, we will cover:

* What search relevance means
* Why relevance affects user satisfaction, conversions, and engagement
* What factors and signals influence search engine ranking
* How to measure relevance using metrics like precision and recall
* Common challenges like noisy data, ranking issues, and limited resources
* Practical ways to improve search results relevance using ranking rules and algorithms
* How Meilisearch helps you build a fast, relevant, and scalable search experience

Want your users to find exactly what they’re looking for? Let’s get into it.

## What is search relevance?

Search relevance refers to how aligned a search result is with a user’s query intent. It measures how well the search result matched the user’s query and provided the information they were looking for. 

High relevance means the top results are timely, accurate, and context-aware.

Modern search engines use algorithms that factor in ranking signals, query intent, and language models to determine relevance. When relevance is high, users find what they need faster, leading to higher engagement and lower bounce rates.

## Why does search relevance matter?

Search relevance is the backbone of a good search experience. When users get results that match their intent, they stay longer, click more, and convert faster – pretty much everything a business wants. 

On the other hand, irrelevant results cause users to leave immediately, which rapidly increases bounce rates.

In e-commerce, relevant search helps customers find the right product quickly. On content-heavy platforms, it connects users to the exact article, tutorial, or documentation page they need. The greater the relevance, the higher the customer satisfaction and engagement.

Whether you're optimizing a blog, internal tool, or a product catalog, improving relevance directly impacts retention, conversions, and trust.

Let’s explore a real-world example to see how it works in practice.

## What is an example of search relevance?

Let’s take an example of a common e-commerce search query. 

Say someone types ‘wireless headphones’ into a store’s search bar. If the search relevance is good, the top results will bring up popular wireless headphone models like the Sony WH-1000XM5 or AirPods Pro. 

![Example of good search relevance.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/Example_of_good_search_relevance_a1d20f131e.png)

Source: [amazon.com](http://amazon.com) 

If the search relevance is poor, it will bring up headphones with wires as well as other accessories. 

Let’s take another example, of a recipe blog. If you look up ‘vegan pasta’ and get any result besides pasta without meat, dairy, and eggs, then the search relevance is poor. 

![Example of poor search relevance.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/Example_of_poor_search_relevance_e04168322a.png)

Source: [recipesmadeeasy.co.uk](http://recipesmadeeasy.co.uk) 

These examples happen every day, and the difference between a relevant and irrelevant result directly affects user trust, conversions, and retention. 

Businesses that prioritize search relevance improve UX and drive measurable results, such as reduced bounce rates, faster time-to-product, and higher customer satisfaction.

Let’s now look at what affects search relevance behind the scenes.

## What factors influence search relevance?

Here are the factors influencing whether search engines bring up relevant content.

* **Keyword frequency:** This refers to how often the search term appears in a page, which affects the page's ranking. 
* **Natural language processing (NLP) features:** NLP features help search engines understand synonyms, context, and the intent behind a query. For example, it recognizes that ‘cheap laptop’ and ‘budget notebook’ are similar.
* **Personalization:** Search engines can adjust results [based on past user behavior](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/personalized-search). Two users with the same query might receive different responses based on location or preference. 
* **Freshness:** Newer content can rank higher, especially for time-sensitive queries. For example, a user searching for a phone with a good camera expects recent results, not results from 10 years ago. 

These are the most common elements that work together to form the foundation of how search systems evaluate and deliver results. 

Next, let’s explore how a search engine calculates and applies relevance in real time.

## How does a search engine determine relevance?

Modern search engines are incredibly clever. 

Thanks to signals such as keyword matches, content structure, document freshness, and link authority, they use ranking algorithms to filter for the best results.

Search engines also apply natural language processing (NLP) and [semantic search](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/semantic-search) to understand the intent behind a query rather than just the literal words used.

In more advanced systems, machine learning models refine relevance over time by learning from user behavior, such as clicks, dwell time, and query reformulations. 

These systems don’t just react to input; they also adapt, improving result quality with every interaction. This creates a feedback loop where relevance gets sharper the more the engine is used, helping search systems stay aligned with evolving user intent.

## How is search relevance measured?

Metrics help you evaluate if your search engine provides relevant and useful results to the right users. 

The goal is to quantify whether users are finding what they’re looking for and whether results are being ranked in the correct order.

Here are some of the most commonly used search relevance metrics:

* **Precision** measures how many of the results shown are helpful. Higher precision means fewer off-target results. It keeps things focused so users don’t waste time on the wrong stuff.
* **Recall** checks if your engine found all the good matches. A [high recall score](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/mastering-rag) means you're not missing anything important. It's about covering your bases and giving users the whole picture.

![Example of recall and precision.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/Example_of_recall_and_precision_1c6f0efe97.png)

* **Click-through rate (CTR)** tells you how often people click a result after searching. If clicks are low, your top results might not be hitting the mark. It’s a simple way to see if users like what they see.
* **Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (nDCG)** is a metric that determines whether relevant results appear high in the results list. A perfect answer won’t help if it’s buried at the bottom. 
* **The F1 score** is a mix of precision and recall. It’s useful when you want to avoid both wrong and missed matches.

Other metrics to consider include the Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR), Mean Average Precision (MAP), and user satisfaction scores from feedback or surveys.

## What is a relevance score?

A relevance score is a number assigned to each search result that reflects how well the result matches the user’s query. The higher the score, the more relevant the engine considers the result.

Relevance score is calculated during search time – the time it takes to find the relevant search results – by taking into account factors such as keyword frequency, document fields, query intent, and metadata. 

## What are some common challenges in achieving search relevance?

Search relevance isn’t universal: what’s helpful to one user can be completely irrelevant to another. That’s why building a search experience that consistently delivers the right results is both complex and context-dependent.

![What are the common challenges in achieving search relevance.png](https://unable-actionable-car.media.strapiapp.com/What_are_the_common_challenges_in_achieving_search_relevance_374f78bb09.png)

Below are some of the most persistent issues.

### 1. Ambiguous queries

Users often enter short or vague queries like ‘apple’ or ‘terminal,’ leaving the search engine to guess what they really mean. Is it the tech brand or the fruit? An airport terminal or a computer?

Without additional context, such as user history, location, or intent, these queries can return irrelevant or overly broad results. 

Handling ambiguity requires special disambiguation strategies, like query suggestions, autocomplete, or personalized ranking, to guide users toward better results.

### 2. Synonym and variant handling

If someone searches for ‘laptop’ but your site uses ‘notebook’ instead, the match will be lost. The same happens with spelling variants like ‘organization’ and ‘organisation.’ 

Without synonym dictionaries, stemming, and typo handling, users can miss out on content that exists but can’t be found. Good relevance depends on catching those variations every single time.

### 3. Data quality issues

If your data is messy, your search results will be too. Inconsistent tags, missing fields, or duplicate entries confuse the system. 

For example, using the terms ‘color’ and ‘shade’ interchangeably splits the index. 

Clean data, clear fields, and smart indexing rules are the foundation of accurate and relevant search.


### 4. Evolving user behavior

Fast results are one thing, sensible answers are another. The audience wants both. 

[AI-powered search](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/ai-powered-search) helps understand what users mean, not just what they type. It looks at intent, learns from behavior, and ranks results more naturally. This creates a smoother experience, especially for platforms with a lot of content or technical depth.

## How can you improve search relevance?

How can we actually improve search relevance? 

We can count on several factors for help. 

For instance, Meilisearch can directly contribute to this by boosting the precision, speed, and usefulness of your search results without all the complex algorithm shenanigans. 

Let’s look at some best practices for optimizing your search engine. We’ll use an example of a Golang-based e-commerce search engine to illustrate.


### 1. Customize Meilisearch ranking rules

Meilisearch relies on ranking rules to bring back the best results. 

How do these work? 

They basically define how your results are prioritized using various parameters, such as word match count, typo count, and field importance. 

You can easily update or reorder these rules to suit your business logic.


```go
client.Index("movies").UpdateRankingRules(&[]string{
  "typo",
  "words",
  "proximity",
  "attribute",
  "exactness",
})
```


This allows you to prioritize matches of specific fields (like `title `over `description`) or emphasize typo tolerance. 

The flexibility to customize these rules means you can fine-tune your relevance algorithm without complex backend engineering. 

Remember, order matters: rules applied earlier have more impact. So, choose wisely!


### 2. Configure synonyms for inclusive matching

You’re most likely wondering what happens if users don’t search for the exact product names. Well, there’s a solution for that as well. 

Meilisearch has a built-in synonym handling feature. It allows you to customize and map similar terms together so ‘product A’ can mean ‘product B’ and vice versa.


```go
client.Index("products").UpdateSynonyms(&map[string][]string{
  "jacket": {"coat", "outerwear"},
  "laptop": {"notebook", "computer"},
})
```


Whether users search for a ‘coat’ or a ‘jacket,’ they’ll see the same results. 


### 3. Tune typo tolerance for better UX

Meilisearch has built-in [typo tolerance](https://www.meilisearch.com/docs/learn/relevancy/typo_tolerance_calculations), which suits fast typers. By adjusting the typo tolerance level, you can control how forgiving (or unforgiving) the search engine is. 


```go
client.Index("books").UpdateSettings(&meilisearch.Settings{
  TypoTolerance: &meilisearch.TypoTolerance{
    Enabled: meilisearch.Bool(true),
    MinWordSizeForTypos: map[string]int{
      "oneTypo": 5,
      "twoTypos": 9,
    },
  },
})
```


This setting is critical for improving UX. It helps retain users who might otherwise bounce due to zero results caused by simple typing errors.


### 4. Use tokenization and normalization

Meilisearch breaks your text into smaller parts and cleans it up for search. It turns ‘résumé’ into ‘resume’ and ‘Color’ into ‘color.’ Users will still find what they’re looking for, even with slight differences. 

If you’re using Go, this happens in the background. That means better results without extra effort.


### 5. Apply stop words and filtering

Words like ‘the’ or ‘of’ don’t help search. Meilisearch skips them by default, so your engine focuses on the important stuff. 

You can tweak this too:


```go
client.Index("articles").UpdateStopWords(&[]string{"the", "a", "of", "in"})
```


Pair this with [faceted filtering](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/nested-hierarchical-facets-guide) for even sharper control. For example, in a product catalog, let users filter by brand, price, or rating. This adds structure to your search and improves user engagement by narrowing results down to exactly what they need.


### 6. Leverage custom ranking for business goals

The default ranking is a good start, but real value comes when your results reflect what matters most to your business. 

Want to show in-stock items first or boost high-rated products? Meilisearch lets you rank results by fields like sales, ratings, or popularity:


```go
client.Index("products").UpdateRankingRules(&[]string{
  "desc(popularity)",
  "typo",
  "words",
})
```


This level of control improves query relevance and links user intent with business metrics. Whether a SaaS site surfaces popular docs or a [marketplace search engine](https://www.meilisearch.com/blog/marketplace-search-engine) prioritizes trending items, custom ranking ensures your search engine works for you as well as for the user.

Now that you know how to improve search relevance, let’s explore how to test and validate those changes to make sure they work in real-world scenarios.

## How to test search relevance

You can have the smartest ranking rules in the world, but if your search results don’t help users find what they need, it doesn’t matter. 

That’s why testing matters. It shows you whether your search logic aligns with what users expect to see.

Here are a few ways to test how well your relevance holds up.


### 1. A/B testing different configurations

This is a simple way to compare two versions of your search. Maybe one uses more typo tolerance. Maybe the other favors exact matches or gives a boost to specific keywords. 

Run both versions and examine the click-throughs, bounce rates, and conversions. You’ll quickly see which one is more useful to real users.


### 2. Manual relevance grading

This one takes a bit more effort, but it works. Pick a few common queries and review the top results by hand. Are they relevant? Do they make sense? Does the top result actually match what someone is searching for? 

This type of reviewing helps you set a baseline and catch issues that automated testing might miss.


### 3. Collecting user feedback and behavioral data

Don’t be shy. Ask users what they think. Add a quick thumbs up or down. Toss in a ‘Did you find what you were looking for?’ at the end of a search. 

Pair that with user behavior signals like how far people scroll or which results they click. If users always ignore the top result and click the third one instead, it could be a sign that something needs fixing.


### 4. Analyzing search metrics

Metrics like MRR, Precision at K, and nDCG give you a clear picture of how often the right results appear at the top. They help you spot what’s working and what’s falling short. Over time, these numbers guide you toward better performance without guesswork.

Whether you’re building product search, docs lookup, or [site search](https://www.meilisearch.com/solutions/site-search), testing helps you move from ‘just okay’ to results that make sense to the user. 

## Enhancing search relevance with precision and control

Relevance is what makes search feel intuitive, fast, and useful. Whether you're powering product discovery, technical documentation, or in-app search, delivering relevant results drives user trust, engagement, and conversion, turning search from a utility into a competitive advantage.

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